Literature

Writen By: M. Nazuril Ikhwan Zubir Hakim/ PBI/III/F

Sense Devices
A metaphor is a figure of speech concisely expressed by comparing two things, saying that one is the otherThe English metaphor derives from the 16th c. Old French métaphore, from the Latin metaphora “carrying over”, Greek (μεταφορά) metaphorá “transfer”, from (μεταφέρω) metaphero “to carry over”, “to transfer” and from (μετά) meta “between” + (φέρω) phero, “to bear”, “to carry”. Moreover, metaphor also denotes rhetorical figures of speech that achieve their effects via association, comparison, and resemblance, e.g. antithesis, hyperbole, metonymy, and simile; all are species of metaphor.

Personification is an ontological metaphor in which a thing or abstraction is represented as a person.
The term "personification" may apply to:
A description of an inanimate object as being a living person or animal as in: "The sun shone brightly down on me as if she were shining for me alone". In this example the sun is depicted as if capable of intent, and is referenced with the pronoun "she" rather than "it".
An outstanding example of a quality or idea: "He's invisible, a walking personification of the Negative" (Ralph Ellison).
An artistic representation of an abstract quality or idea as a person, for example the four cardinal virtues or nine Muses.

A simile is a figure of speech comparing two unlike things, often introduced with the word "like" or "as".[1] Even though similes and metaphors are both forms of comparison, similes allow the two ideas to remain distinct in spite of their similarities, whereas metaphors compare two things without using "like" or "as". For instance, a simile that compares a person with a bullet would go as follows: "John was a record-setting runner and as fast as a speeding bullet." A metaphor might read something like, "John was a record-setting runner. That speeding bullet could zip past you without you even knowing he was there."

Sound Devices
Alliteration is a literary or rhetorical stylistic device that consists in repeating the same consonant sound at the beginning of several words in close succession. An example is the Mother Goose tongue-twister, "Peter Piper picked a peck of pickled peppers …"
Assonance and consonance are types of alliteration.
In poetry, alliteration may also refer to repetition of a consonant in any syllables that, according to the poem's meter, are stressed as if they occurred at the beginning of a word, as in James Thomson's verse "Come…dragging the lazy languid Line along".
Apostrophoe alliteration is usually distinguished from the mere repetition of the same sound in positions other than the beginning of each word — whether a consonant, as in "some mammals are clammy" (consonance) or a vowel, as in "yellow wedding bells" (assonance); but the term is sometimes used in these broader senses.[citation needed] Alliteration may also include the use of different consonants with similar properties (labials, dentals, etc.)

Assonance is refrain of vowel sounds to create internal rhyming within phrases or sentences, and together with alliteration and consonance serves as one of the building blocks of verse. For example, in the phrase "Do you like blue?", the /uː/ ("o"/"ou"/"ue" sound) is repeated within the sentence and is assonant.
Assonance is verse than prose. It is used in (mainly modern) English-language poetry, and is particularly important in Old French, Spanish and Celtic languages.
The eponymous student of Willy Russell's Educating Rita described it as "getting the rhyme wrong".

Rhythm (from french ῥυθμός – rhythmos, "any measured flow or movement, symmetry") is the variation of the length and accentuation of a series of sounds or other events. The study of rhythm, stress, and pitch in speech is called prosody; it is a topic in linguistics. Narmour (1980, p. 147–53) describes three categories of prosodic rules which create rhythmic successions which are additive (same duration repeated), cumulative (short-long), or countercumulative (long-short). Cumulation is associated with closure or relaxation, countercumulation with openness or tension, while additive rhythms are open-ended and repetitive. Richard Middleton points out this method cannot account for syncopation and suggests the concept of transformation.

Structural devices
Contrast is the dissimilarity or difference between things
• Contrast (linguistics), expressing distinctions between words
• Contrast (vision), the difference in color and light between parts of an image.
• Contrast (statistics)
• Contrast medium used to distinguish structures or fluids within a body, often shortened to just "contrast"
• Contrast ratio, a measure of a display system
• Display contrast, of electronic visual displays
An illustration is a visualization such as a drawing, painting, photograph or other work of art that stresses subject more than form. The aim of an illustration is to elucidate or decorate textual information (such as a story, poem or newspaper article) by providing a visual representation.
• Repetition is just the simple repetition of a word, within a sentence or a poetical line, with no particular placement of the words, this is to make emphasis. This is such a common literary device that it is almost never even noted as a figure of speech.